JAILCD2026-011: Frank Lloyd Wright's Study of Semi-Outdoor Spaces in Houses: The Transformation of Porch and Terrace in the Transition of Ideology

Abstract

Frank Lloyd Wright, celebrated as a master of modern architecture, underwent a profound transformation in his design philosophy over his seventy-year career. While his "First Golden Age" designs prior to 1914 were rooted in capturing "External Scenery," his focus fundamentally shifted to enriching "Internal Life" after 1914. This study investigates this ideological transition by focusing on the often-overlooked evolution of semi-outdoor spaces, specifically the "PORCH" and "TERRACE”. “We conducted a comprehensive analysis of 11 residential works spanning Wright’s three distinct creative periods: the "First Golden Age" (1893-1910), the "Lost Era" (1911-1935), and the "Second Golden Age" (1936 onwards). Through plan analysis, sectional analysis of eave depths, and verification of spatial elements, we traced the architectural manifestations of his changing philosophy. The results highlight a clear trajectory. First, plan analysis reveals that the Living-Dining-Kitchen configuration evolved from distinct, separated rooms into a partially integrated layout during the Lost Era, culminating in a completely unified space in the Usonian houses of the Second Golden Age. Second, sectional analysis defines the structural distinction: the "Porch," characterized by deep eaves offering shelter, was prominent in earlier works, whereas the "Terrace," featuring shallow eaves to admit sunlight, became dominant later. Additionally, the geometric art glass, a staple of his early interiors, disappeared after 1925, signaling a move towards clearer connections with nature. Ultimately, this research concludes that the "Lost Era" was not a period of stagnation but a critical phase of metamorphosis. It was during this time that Wright redefined the dwelling from a shelter framing views to a vessel for life, utilizing shallow eaves and integrated spaces. This evolution was essential for perfecting the Usonian House, which Wright championed as the true "American style".